Human Factors and Teamwork
Bob Henderson
Outline
Bob Henderson
Flight Operations
August 2005
Human Factors and Teamwork
• Definition of Teamwork
• Forming Teams
• Challenges
• Authority Gradient
• Risks
• Benefits
• NASA Research
• Examples
Human Factors and Teamwork
• DEFINITION OF TEAMWORK
“Combined Effort; Organized Co-operation”
• SUCCESSFUL TEAMS
All Blacks
Silver Ferns
Americas Cup
Apollo 13
….
Forming Teams
• Requires time
• Assumes stable team membership
• Assumes clear team structure
• Assumes well defined roles
Challenges to Teams in Aviation
• Transient Crew Members
• Situation (Game Plan)
• Normal
• Anticipated
• Unusual
• Emergency
• Who Has Control?
Authority Gradient
Subordinate perception of the authority that the Boss holds over them
Risks to Good Teamwork
• Time
• Communications
• Knowledge
• Team Leader Styles
• Team Member Styles
• “Group Think”
• Who Has Control?
Benefits of Good Teamwork
• Collective Outcome is Greater than the Sum of the Individual Member skills
• Sharing Workload
• Addition of Expertise
• Range of Options and Knowledge
NASA Recommendations
• The Most Critical Behaviour for the Team Leader is:
• BRIEFINGS
• The Most Critical Behaviors for Team Members are:
• INQUIRY
• ADVOCACY
• ASSERTION
An Example
Presented at International Meeting of Intensive Care in Brussels: Stephan Marsch, University of Basel
Study Conclusions
• Teams that were able to form prior to the cardiac arrest performed significantly better than teams that had to form during the cardiac arrest
• The process of teambuilding is associated with a significant delay in crucial measures in cardiopulmonary resuscitation
An Observed “Marsch” Scenario
• The single physician present called for assistance after witnessing the cardiac arrest
• The two further physicians attended
• No one took charge
• Two physicians fully absorbed in the intervention
• Patient was ignored while physicians studied the monitors
• The patient was put at risk by actions of the physicians
• Participants reported their own performance as adequate
An Aviation Example
• Explosive engine failure during climb, well handled by flight crew
• Information sought from cabin crew about the engine and airframe
• Management and briefing of passengers managed through the ISD
• Pilots assessed threat to the aircraft as worse then originally thought
• Decision to “Brace” the passengers for landing not adequately communicated
• Most crew and all passengers surprised by “Brace” call on landing
Summary
• Teams Perform Better in an Environment Where:
• Plans are Briefed
• Team Members are able to suggest and challenge
• Vital to take time to set Team Environment
• Lack of a Plan and Delegation of Roles will hinder the competent functioning of even the best team
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Ministry of Health
